So, in order to control minorities, women, children and the aged, radicals as well as employees, underground structures sponsored by racists, sexists, radicals and employees, underground structures arise.

Children, of course, are beaten and abused in the privacy of the home--as are the elderly.

Social Control in a Liberal Society  Basically there is a triumvirate of social control agencies and organizations which make Americans among the most heavily policed in the world.

The previous two Lectures give you some idea of the parallel systems which operate openly...some in the public sphere and some in the private sphere...with the sanction of law behind them.   These parallel structures tend to reproduce inequality in that different sectors of society are controlled by different systems...hence the fact of equality within any one control institution but a great inequality between them.  Street thugs get the criminal justice system; white collar criminals get peer group review...nice.

But there are a lot of policing systems which must go underground as democracy slowly expands to challenge the structures of domination mentioned first.

Now you can look at the underground structures. They operate more or less openly but without support of the law or the state.

Definition An underground social control structure has one or more of the following characteristics:

1. Members violate legal or Constitutional guarantees.

2. Members observe, try, judge and penalize people in secret.

3. Members keep their involvement hidden.

4. Members subscribe to an ideology which is hostile to one or more other groups.

5. Members are unable to use state power to gain their objectives.

These underground control structures include various right-wing groups, some secret federal and state agencies, as well as employer organizations which black ball people in business, journalism and academia.

They are justice systems in that they enforce the normative structures of our society. They police people, judge them, sentence and execute sentences...all in a unlawful and secret way.

There are many underground structures in the United States including sexual, religious, educational, economic, and artistic. Ordinarily they do not try to police others; they simply live in a way which varies from the socially accepted institutions.

First we will look at underground structures inside the United States then turn our attention to some of the better known underground organizations which operate on the world stage. Finally, this Lecture will close with a theory of underground structures.

HATE CRIMES.   Most Underground Structures on the Right are underground because they want to reproduce structures of inequality: race, class and gender.

Hate Crimes against women are the focus of much of Lecture 13.  One can visit that Lecture for detail but, in brief, many if not most crimes against women grow out of a deep commitment to patriarchal gender definitions and patriarchal social relations.

Hate Crimes against abortion clinics and medical staff are of particular interest to a theory of Hate Crimes.  Patriarchy existed long before capitalism but not before political economy.

As a political economy based upon settled agriculture, patriarchy limited the sexuality of women to reproduction of legitimate children.  And, in such a political economy, reproduction of children was and is essential to the labor needs of the small farmer.  Any set of mores that gave women power over their own bodies and the right to abort fetuses is hostile to the labor power needs of agriculture.  Children are net energy accumulators at an early age in any pre-industrial political economy but more so in settled agrarian social life.

Legitimacy of all male children was and is especially crucial to the unquestioned and unquestionable transfer of property: land, herds, tools and stores, in agrarian societies.  Bastardy, adultery and out-of-wedlock births are nonsense notions in most other political economies but in any political economy in which the transfer of property within the family meant and means survival for the aged and security of the next generation bastardy, adultery and pre-nuptial children were and are seen as threats to routinized transfer of wealth across generation.

Gender definitions support such sexual norms.  One cannot be lesbian, gay, or neutered in a political economy which depends upon maximum fecundity for women and production of sons by the eldest male in a family.  Second and third sons could be homosexual, one could argue, were it not for the fact that male mortality was and is so high among pre-industrial societies.  All males born to a women had to be legitimate and had to be oriented to reproduction within heterosexual marriage.

So...oddly enough, hate crimes against male and female homosexuals as well as hate crime against those who would limit family size by education, birth control devices or by abortion come from the same source; sexual norms designed to reproduce agrarian political economies.

HATE, MARGINALIZATION AND IMMISERATION: The engine that drives hate crimes in semi-democratized society is feuled by marginalization effects of progressive legislation and the immiseration effects of capitalism itself.

The irony is that that capitalism tends to destroy ancient structures of race, gender, national and ethnic privileges as it strives for lower labor costs and larger markets.  If women, blacks, immigrants or children will work for lower wages, capitalists hire them.  If women, blacks, children and ethnic minorities will buy products and improve profit margins, capitalist will cater to them...if not, capitalism loses whatever progressive dynamic it might otherwise have.

Immiseration is a lecture all by itself.  You can visit a mini-lecture on the Immiseration Thesis if you would like to understand the sources of hate crime a bit better...but the short version is that as capitalist dynamics marginalize white males, it tends to concentrate wealth which marginalizes everyone from both market and politics.

And there are periodic cycles of prosperity and economic hardship...when a capitalist economy is in trouble, marginalized peoples tend to blame those who compete for jobs and/or those who are taking welfare from the capitalist state.  Such blame is pre-theoretical social psychology; no matter how many wives are beaten, job security, dignity and wages do not improve.   No matter how matter migrants are vilified, kondratieff curves do not response.  No matter how many Jews, Blacks, Gays, or Mexicans are murdered, prosperity does not return.

The solutions to Hate Crime and to the economic dynamics which drive them are set forth in detail in Lecture 16 of this Series.  Now on to the structure and sources of underground groups.

TERRORISM IN THE USA TODAY Alex Schmid, Director of a think tank in Switzerland, together with his colleague, A. J. Longman study terrorism around the world. They have listed 38 terrorist organizations in the USA today.

Right Wing Terrorist Groups Listed:

**C.I.A. [works overseas for the most part]

**K.K.K.

**Minutemen

**National Socialist White People's Party

**Posse Comitatus

**White Panthers

Afro-American power groups and left wing scholars allege that several City police departments in the USA have death squads which assassinate Black Power leaders and eradicate drug dealers. The Chicago Police were alleged to murder several Black Panthers.

Left Wing Terrorist Groups Listed:

**May 19 Coalition [Alleged to receive help from Cuba]

**Revolutionary Affinity Group 6

**Revolutionary Group 7

**Revolutionary Communist Party

**Black Revolutionary Assault Team

**Revolutionary People's Communication Network

**Symbionese Liberation Army

**United Revolutionary Soldiers of the Council of Reciprocal Relief Alliance for Peace, Justice and Freedom Everywhere.

**Weathermen

Much of the political action of underground organizations which violate the laws and constitutional guarantees in the USA are Right-wing groups (Green, 1985). Active membership of Right wing groups number between 20,000 and 50,000 members. There are millions of supporters who agree with their ideology of white supremist institutions.

A Gallup Poll conducted in 1979 shows that a much larger group of people support some of the goals of the Klan than actually belong to it. Fully 10% of those sampled indicated they were favorable to the Klan with 3% being highly favorable (Anti-Defamation League, 1982:24). If the group sampled is representative of America, generally, then something like 25 million people subscribe to white supremist views. This is an increase from 1965 when 6% were favorable and only 1% highly favorable.

Three such groups which are nationwide are the Ku Klux Klan which oppresses Afro-Americans, Jews, and most other minorities as well as non-Christian religions; the Nazi party which is anti-Jewish and maintains whites should rule America; and the Aryan Brotherhood which is located in many prisons and "protects white prisoners from black ones."

More regionally located groups include:

(1)the Aryan Nations Church which is anti-Afro-American and anti-Semitic. It trains white supremist groups.

(2) the Order which believes Jesus is a member of a Nordic tribe.

(3) the Restored Church of Jesus Christ Aryan Nation whose purpose is to eliminate Afro-American citizens.

(4)Posse Comitatus which is an anti-federal income tax organization and supports the overthrow of the government,

(5) Euro-American Alliance which "defends white extremists from the Jews,"

(6) the Covenant, the Sword and the Arm of the Lord which maintains Jews are an anti-Christ race, and

(7) the Christian Defense League which advocates removal of Jews from public offices.

(8) the American Patriots. This group is a spin off of the Libertarian party which opposes government interference in the private sector. Parker Abell was the Libertarian candidate for Congress in the 23rd District of Texas in 1982. He is now the leader of the American Patriots.

Police found 'execution warrants' in the automobile of Abell in May of 1988. The warrants were to be filled in with the names of public officials to be killed. They read: the above named traitor is to be executed on sight. Abell was arrested for hiring a hit man to kill Mayor Henry Cisneros of San Antonio and Texas State Comptroller, Bob Bullock. He agreed to pay $5000.00 upon the death of each.

Racist Hate Crimes Crimes of racial or religious bigotry have increased across the USA according to the Center for Democratic Renewal.  Racist Crimes are proto-typical Hate Crimes.

They are directed at the reproducation of white power and privilege and against the Constitutional Doctrines that all persons are created equal in the eyes of the law and that no one group has preference to jobs, status, or political power.

RACIST CRIME INCREASE BETWEEN 1980 AND 1986

Racism, ethnocentricism, disemployment and false consciousness converge to legitimate the violence against scapegoats...and thus protect the established social arrangements which give rise to disemployment, racism and crime.

Of all the underground Right wing groups, the KKK is the oldest and most active in the United States. We can start to survey underground social control structures with a discussion of the KKK.

The KKK    Betty Dobratz (Iowa State University) and Stephanie Shanks-Meile (Indiana University) studied the documents of the KKK. They report that fear of change, social tensions arising from economic prosperity, and unequal distribution of wealth are important causes of the intolerance.

The Klan began as an underground group resisting the British occupation of Ireland. As Irish migrants came to the South, they brought their institutions as well. After the Emancipation Declaration by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, former slaves began to take jobs, serve in political office and exercise other rights of citizens.

The KKK was resurrected as a means to control Afro-Americans with beatings, torture and murder. With the withdrawal of Union troops from the South in 1877, former slave owners and small business people regained control of the state government and joined with the KKK to police and to penalize those who tried to act on their Constitutional rights in the South.

Dobratz and Shanks-Meile note that Klan chapters grew in the Northern cities as people feared the increasing Afro-American migration to the urban areas. Often it was the same people who had participated in Klan-like activities that also distrusted the growing feminist movement and were upset by perceived threats to the family and traditional values.

The KKK lost favor during the Civil Rights activity in the 60s and 70s but as times got bad in the States, racism once again found fertile ground among those who believe, erroneously, that Afro-Americans...or Jews...or Chicanos...or Asians disemploy Anglos.

Ku Klux Klan Hate Crimes Dobratz and Shanks-Meile provide us with several examples of Klanworld violence which provide us with the types of violent activities and the reasons for their instigation.

*On October 13, 1982, Klansmen protested the conversion of a mental institution into a prison in order to keep Afro-American inmates and prison employees out of the rural community of Gowanda, New York by burning a fifteen foot cross at the site of the future penal institution (Klanwatch Intelligence Report, No. 6, 1982:9).

*Vietnamese fishermen off the Texas Gulf Coast were attacked repeatedly by the Klan during February-May 1978 to prevent "overfishing" (Klanwatch Intelligence Report, no date:2).

*Two Klansmen were arrested for the murder of a "19 year old Afro-American man in Mobile in 1981." Apparently, the selection of Michael McDonald as a murder victim was to protest the trial of a Afro-American man charged with the murder of a police sergeant which ended in a mistrial rather than conviction and execution of the defendant (National Anti-Klan Network Newsletter, Fall, 1983:6).

*In Greensboro, North Carolina in 1979 at a "Death to the Klan" rally. The Klan and the neo-Nazis drove to the place where demonstrators were assembling, got out of their vehicles and began to shoot unarmed demonstrators as they prepared for a parade against racism in the area.. Five people were killed, but the Klansmen and Nazis charged with murder were acquitted in state court (Institute for Southern Studies, 1981).

The Nazi Party The Nazi party began in Germany as a national socialist party aimed at creating a strong German state after Germany lost World War I. Socialism very quickly became more nationalist than socialist. Hitler used state power to help big business, small business, farmers and some workers at the expense of East European countries.

Although the Nazi party lost power after World War II, Nazi ideology survived. The idea that there is a superrace; that Aryans should control the state; that the state should use its monopoly over violence to crush the enemies of the superrace; that, being super, Aryans have a right to rule over other 'inferior' nations.

Support for Nazism was strong in the United States in the 1930s since Hitler's first target were the communists and later, Jews in Germany. But Nazism lost favor when Germany attacked Poland, France, Belgium, Denmark, Norway and other West European nations.

Today, as economic times get worse in the United States, more and more people accept the idea of a super race and believe that justifies using violence to attack Afro-Americans, Jews and liberals who work for equal rights.

*Nazi violence occurred in 1976 and 1977 with the neo-Nazi marches through Marquette Park, a largely white area of Chicago's southwest side. The National Socialists Party of America, led then by Frank Collins, had called off its march through Skokie in order to demonstrate at Marquette Park.

*Militant Nazi groups are active in the Detroit, Michigan area including annual White Power rallies held in Ann Arbor (Dunn, 1983, 1983, 1984). A picture of a Detroit unit with many dressed uniforms giving the Heil Hitler salute had the following caption: "Our Detroit Comrades are very well known for the intense street activism" (New Order, No. 50, Spring, 1983:6).

The New Order This group is a spin-off of Nazism. The New Order (formerly the National Socialist White People's Party) advocates that every white adult and teenager should own a legal firearm and be proficient at its use. This is because of violence, crime and the possibilities of race war or 'dictatorship'.

The New Order anticipates 'an attempt to enslave whites,' and in its literature tells its readers that whites who are willing to use violence will survive:

"The weak and wimpish whites will die out. The strong will flourish, and they will become the forebears of the future generations of our Race" (White Power, No. 104, 1983:3).

The National Socialist Liberation Front believes in "graduated revolution" beginning with literature distributions, paintings, (e.g., swastikas on fences), book burnings, and then more militant actions. It characterizes itself as "a dynamic organization that acts as the iron fist of National Socialism, smashing through the Red front and the Jewish paper curtain" (Stachowski, Defiance, Vol. I, No. 9, 1983:15).

The Aryan Nation On 24 April, 1987, a Federal grand jury returned indictments on 14 of the leaders of the Aryan Nation charging them with:

1. Sedition. Attempting to overthrow the U.S. government and replace it with an Aryan Nation in four northwest states.

2. Murder. The murder of Alan Berg, a Denver talk show host noted for his open contempt on the air for racists and Nazis.

3. Conspiracy. To murder a Federal judge and an FBI agent.

4. Racketeering.

5. Armed robbery.

On April 7, 1988, a sympathetic jury in Fort Smith, Arkansas found the 14 defendants not guilty. The leader of the group said, Thank God for his help and to Hell with the federal government, when he heard the verdict.

UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES OF THE DEMOCRATIC STATE The U.S. government has some 22 secret police agencies which work inside the country. They include sections of the C.I.A., the F.B.I., the I.R.S., the Treasury Department, the Drug Enforcement Agency and others. Even the Agriculture Department has a secret agency.

The F.B.I. keeps a list of some 20,000 American 'subversives' who can be arrested quickly if the need arises. It is a violation of the Constitution of the United States of America to investigate without probable cause of illegal activity.

It is a violation of the Constitution to punish someone without due process. The F.B.I. has released names of activist citizens to employers; sent anonymous information to wives and friends; and planted false stories in newspapers to discredit political activists.

In the 1960's the FBI established five illegal and unconstitutional programs designed to disrupt women's movements toward social justice, minority movements toward civil rights, citizen opposition to the war in Vietnam as well as socialist movements for social justice in the U.S. These five programs were called the Cointel programs [Counterintelligence].

Even though US citizens have a legal right to engage in peaceful assembly for grievance, the F.B.I. monitored these groups and acted to penalize their members without benefit of trial, jury of peers, the rules of evidence, a right to confront witnesses, a right to call witnesses, a right to legal counsel or other legal rights. Common practices of the F.B.I. denied citizens of property and freedom without a hearing as required by the U.S. Constitution.

Other secret police agencies of the federal government work without the same publicity given to the F.B.I. The agents of such government bureaus violate civil rights. The I.R.S. has been used many times by incumbent Presidents to punish 'enemies.'

In the 1980s, the F.B.I. ran many illegal operations against CISPES, the Committee in Solidarity with El Salvador. CISPIS opposed support of the right wing parties and their death squads in El Salvador. The F.B.I. gathered 17 volumes of evidence on CISPES but not one person has been indicted by them. The F.B.I. does not like to lose cases in court.

Watergate Watergate was an extensive underground policing system put into place by the Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP). the Committee to Reelect the President worked out of the office of Attorney General John Mitchell who was, also, chair of the committee to reelect President Nixon.

the Committee to Reelect the President put together teams to look into the lives of democratic candidates for office and to discredit them. One team was assigned to break into the office of Larry O'Brien, the Chair of the Democratic National Committee which had its offices in Watergate, an apartment-office complex in Washington, D. C. That team was caught and the whole scheme was unraveled...but not before Nixon was reelected.

Among their activities were false news releases, fake letters, setups with prostitutes, phony calls to cancel democratic rallies, and many other 'dirty tricks.' The Nixon teams collected evidence in secret, faked evidence, brought the democrats to trial before the American public, and punished them for crimes never committed.

The Enterprize The National Security Agency, NSA, and members of the Reagan White House staff put together a secret intelligence army with its own planes, ships, troops, secret bank accounts and its own foreign policy. This deep secret agency did not report to Congress. It engaged in military operations around the world (PBS: 17 Feb., 1989).

It was called The Enterprize and was under the direction of William Poindexter, the Director of the 'National Security Agency.' It is illegal for NSA to run military operations. Wm. Casey, Director of the C.I.A. cooperated with the illegal operation and gave it cover from members of Congress.

The Enterprize gave President Reagan his own secret army not accountable to either Congress or the people as the Constitution of the United States requires. At one time in the Reagan years, it was involved in secret, and illegal, wars in Cambodia, Chad, Afghanistan and Angola. It was involved in the invasion of Grenada. Only the U.S. Congress has Constitutional authority to declare war. President Reagan set himself up outside the Constitution.

The Enterprize solicited funds from other governments and wealthy citizens inside the USA. It gave the Contras illegal funding in order to circumvent the Congressional ban on arms support of the Contras. The Contras were set up by the CIA to destabilize the duly elected government of Nicaragua. In order to get money to pay for the soldiers of the Contras, General Secord, Colonel North and others secretly sold arms to Iran when USA law prohibited the sale of arms to 'terrorist' nations...especially Iran.

The Tower Commission report said the sale of arms to Iranian government by the Reagan Administration violated :

--The Arms Export Control Act,

which requires arms recipients to certify they won't resell the weapons to others.

--The Foreign Assistance Act,

under which the president must make a formal finding of national security interest before the C.I.A. acted.

--The National Security Act, which requires timely notice to Congress of covert actions.

The Tower Commission was criticized for not looking into other allegations about The Enterprize including stories that it was running narcotics to the USA to pay for its secret wars.

Jules Lobel, a law professor at the University of Pittsburgh said that "...the real problem is that the whole policy was formulated on the basis that the law was irrelevant." (Tony Mauro, USA Today, Feb., 1987)

Over 70 million dollars were gathered. Some of the money came from selling arms to Iran. Some of the money came from Saudi Arabia, a feudal monarchy. Some of the money came from Brunei, an oil rich enclave in Southeast Asia. Some of the money came from right-wing groups and individuals in the U.S.A.

Oliver North, a marine colonel, ran the Enterprize out of the White House basement. He enlisted the aid of Richard Secord, an air force general forced to retire by allegations of corrupt practices when he was involved in a scheme to sell Pentagon weapons to Egypt and pocket the profits. Secord, in turn, enlisted the aid of a group of present and former CIA employees whose record of secret military activity goes back to 1959 and a plot to invade Cuba.

The Group of Four North, Clines, Shackley, Singlaub and other active and retired military and CIA officers make up a secret team of four conducting covert operations.

In a the Report from the Christic Institute, a Jesuit research organization in Washington, D.C., the team of four are accused of organizing an illegal invasion of Cuba; an attempt to assassinate Fidel Castro; helping to overthrow the elected government of Salvador Allende of Chile and replace it with a brutal military government; directed operation Phoenix in Laos that killed some 60,000 Vietnamese civilians; and helped the Shah of Iran develop his secret police. They are reported to have offered Nicaraguan dictator, Anastacio Somoza help to kill off his opposition in Nicaragua.

After Somoza fell from power, the secret team went to help organize the remnants of the National Guard in Honduras who fled from Nicaragua. The National Guard was established in 1936 by the USA to protect American 'interests' there; the United Fruit Company, mining corporations and businesses owned by Americans.

The Guard ran prostitution, drugs, and theft in Nicaragua while eliminating progressive elements of the population. This Guard is known now as the Contras (contra the Sandinistas). They are called 'freedom' fighters by the US government which supplies them.

The Guardia Nacional controls the Contra movement with 13 of the 16 military units commanded by former Somacistas. The are now alleged to be running drugs to the USA with the cooperation of the CIA in order to pay for arms and supplies (AP: June 10, 1987)

Only the Congress of the United States has the legal authority to declare war. The President does not. The CIA does not. The National Security Agency does not. Congress had not declared war on Cuba, Chile, Afghanistan, Angola, Chad, Grenada or Nicaragua. Yet agencies of the American government mounted secret wars against them in order to overthrow governments with which the United States is not at war.

Corporate Policing Just as private citizen groups take police powers and juridical powers and punitive powers in their own hands, corporations do too. Most of the policing and punishing of corporations is supported by law. The corporation also engages in illegal policing and punishing of competitors and employees.

In many industries, owners and managers keep blacklists of people whose politics or private life is offensive to the established life style. Hollywood producers kept a list of writers, actors and producers who were communists or socialists. These people were tried and punished for doing what was perfectly legal and Constitutional...criticizing capitalism and elitist politics. Woody Allen produced and played in a movie entitled, The Front which gave a fairly good account of that period.

Baseball team owners agreed among themselves not to offer free agents salaries higher than the present owner paid. The accounting firm, Glassman-Oliver, stated in its report that the owners had lowered salaries by 20 million in 1986 and 50 million dollars in 1987...give or take 10 millions.

Montgomery Wards fired 7 of 8 workers who were trying to organize a union in the Ft. Collins, Colorado store in 1975. Ward's did not want to pay the costs that good union representation would demand in health care, vacation benefits, retirement and cost of living increases. Ward's management identified those involved and fired them.

Fred Friendly, professor of Broadcast Journalism at Columbia university and former president of CBS news tells how CBS responded to the pressure of the tobacco industry and the aluminum industry when See It Now broadcast reports were critical of them. See It Now was taken off the air by CBS. It ran a series of news stories now regarded as classics in television reportage.

Right wingers thought statehood for Hawaii was a communist plot and were outraged when Edward R. Murrow did a story supporting it on See It Now. An interview by Murrow of J. Robert Oppenheimer was condemned as support for communism by members of Congress and in the media. Harvest of Shame was about hunger in America. It was condemned by the Right wing. Other stories were simply repressed by CBS who anticipated loss of sponsors.

In every small business in America; in every major corporation, a small and secret set of managers sit in judgment of workers and others. They, separately, convict and punish those who interfere with the company goals...or those whose life style is offensive to them...or those whose politics are opposed to private enterprize.

Most repression in bureaucratic socialism is done by the state; most repression in the democratic capitalist nations is done by employers in the private sector...thus democratic capitalist states appear to be more liberal than authoritarian states. There are real freedoms; of ideas, of association, of dissent, of investment, of travel and of innovation in the liberal democracies but there is much more political crime in the underground structures of capitalist societies than most text books in criminology, political science or history report.

LEFT WING UNDERGROUND There are not many left wing groups policing and punishing individuals and groups with whom they disagree apart from the Earth First group. A radical environmental group, they police and punish timber companies and construction firms which despoil the wilderness.

They cut the tires of earthmoving equipment; lumber trucks and company vehicles. They put sand and sugar in petrol tanks. They drive spikes in trees where chain saws are likely to cut. They cut down billboards and remove other roadside debris...but they do not attack people...they police corporations, not individuals.

Sometimes hard pressed working class Anglos turn to pretheoretical rebellion and resistance. They join or support underground policing structures. Most explanations of those who join underground structures use badness or madness with which to understand involvement in underground structures.

People who start or join underground political, religious, sexual, economic, or educational structures are said to be sick, badly adjusted, malcontents, trouble makers, perverts or victims of outside agitators.

The better theoretical position is that underground structures are generated by structural conflict between one group and other groups. The partisans of right wing underground groups are in conflict with Afro-Americans, women, and children over jobs and other scarce resources during economic hard times.

To blame structural problems on another group is an old, old solution and has much moral power behind it. It is called scapegoating. Scapegoating is based upon folk theories of cultural superiority...ethnocentricism. All societies teach their children that theirs is the best culture in all the world...that their social institutions are designed by God or by social evolution and thus are the best. These false understandings justify exclusion of one group by another from the forms of power...and has an ancient history.

We can think about underground structures systematically and scientifically by forming and testing propositions. Below are some propositions which derive from a radical analysis of underground structures.

Propositions The Underground structures of the Democratic state fall into two general categories: those on the Right and those on the Left. In many ways, they are similar; in some ways quite different. Note that the propositions below are similar except for the first one which determines the content of the politics of underground groups: conservative or progressive.

Of the Right Conflict and loss of power advantages; joined by false consciousness about the sources of social problems and solutions promote Right Wing political crime.

When democratic institutions arrive in a society, the beneficiaries of privilege must go underground to protect privilege.

When an elite has direct or indirect control of state power, it need not go underground to control the oppressed...the iron fist of the state is very visible. Experience in 3rd world dictatorships, South Africa, Israel, as well as in bureaucratic socialist nations demonstrate the point.

Inability of the state to ensure class privilege, racial preference, gender domination and ethnic advantage to privileged groups gives rise to underground policing structures on the Right.

There are four general laws of Rightist Underground Structures:

When these conditions obtain, members of the group must go underground or accept the conditions of equality.

Left Wing Underground Structures Underground groups on the Left arise when groups are systematically excluded from the political process by which change and renewal can occur. There are, again, four general laws of left oriented Underground Structures:

When these conditions obtain, members of oppressed groups must go underground or accept the conditions imposed by the dominant group.

There is a fifth law of underground structures which helps one understand the use of violence. Most generally, oppressed peoples on both the Right and the Left live in peace as long as they are permitted to have their own separate cultural practices or when they can depart for more congenial places. When state power is used against them, they have to give up their beliefs or defend them.

As with all 'laws' of social life, these statements describe general tendencies. What actually happens is conditioned by a whole host of factors including the quality of leadership, the balance of physical force, unusual incidents, and the validity of the understandings majority and minority have about the sources of conflict.

Under such conflict conditions, underground political, religious, economic, educational, sexual, and or communication structures develop. It is not faulty socialization, bad genes, low intelligence, race, or climate which produce underground structures of the sort involved in political crime but rather poorly designed social institutions which defeat the human process.

Many of the underground structures are ugly, self-defeating, and misdirected. In order to develop better institutions; those congenial to the human potential in all members of society, they must be based upon Human Rights and Human Obligations; they must be a product of wisdom and judgement in the service of compassion.

You have had much to learn and much to think over. Now you must put these things together to help form policy all the years of your life...that is your work as a citizen; as a human being; as a student. This work is a tax on your thinking and acting over the next 40 or 50 years with which you repay all the previous generations to which you owe so much...to which we all owe so much.

In the final Lecture are some suggestions. They are very general. They are not cast in concrete. Some of them may be inappropriate to the conditions in which you find yourself over the years. If that is the case, then wisdom and judgment trumps memory...one should not go by the book.

Always keep Human Rights and Human Obligations in mind as you think about what is to be done. Reason should always be in the service of the heart...or what is Reason for?