Text Box: ethnographic research that examines the indigenous criminal justice culture of the police, streets, and prisons. American examples of recent ethnographic research include, on deviant groups (Ferrell and Hamm, 1998), and prisons (Newbold, 1985, 1987; Irwin and Austin, 1997; Richards, 1995; Richards and Jones, 1997; Terry, 1997; Owen, 1998). Such research must be carried out carefully and with all possible consideration for the rights of respondents, for example, convicts and exconvicts. This research that, like that of Miyazawa's (1992) work on the police, can only be undertaken by scholars who are fluent in Japanese and familiar with the subtleties of the group they are studying. CONCLUSION: PUBLISH YOUR WORK A systemic problem in Japanese social science is the relative lack of peer-reviewed journals for publication across academe. Many journals are in-house department journals that are neither critically reviewed nor widely read. Academic book publishing is not as well developed in Japan as it is in North America and Europe, which further restricts opportunities for critical scholarship. The challenge, for all critical criminologists, is to develop publishing venues that allow scholars in different institutions to speak to one another with the authority of well done research. Moreover, communicate with colleagues abroad. Takemura's article is a welcome communication as it begins a dialogue between American and Japanese critical criminologists. The authors can be reached at: David Potter, Faculty of Policy Sciences, Nanzan University, 18 Yamazato-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan 466. Stephen C. Richards, Department of Sociology, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099. email: richards@nku.edu REFERENCES Ames, Walter. 1981. Police and Community in Japan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Apter, David and Nagayo Sawa. 1984. Against the State: Politics and SocialProtest in Japan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bayley, David. 1976. Forces of Order. Berkeley: University of California Press 1994. Police for the Future. New York: Oxford University Press.. Castberg, Didrick. 1990. Japanese Criminal Justice. New York: Praeger. Clifford, William. 1976. Crime Control in Japan. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books. Ferrell, Jeff and Mark S. Hamm (Eds.) . 1998. Ethnography at the Edge: Crime, Deviance, and Field Research. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Herbert, Wolfgang. 1996. Foreign Workers In Law Enforcement in Japan. London and New York: Kegan Paul. Herzog, Peter. 1993. Japan's Pseudo-Democracy. New York: New York, University Press. Human Rights Watch Prison Project. 1995. Prison Conditions in Japan. New York: Human Rights Watch. Text Box: Johnson, Elmer. 1996. Japanese Corrections: Managing Convicted Offenders in an Orderly Society. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. Katzenstein, Peter and Yutaka Tsujinaka. 1991. Defending the Japanese State: Structures, Norms, and the Political Responses to Terrorism and Violent Social Protest in the 1970s and 1980s. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Knepper, Paul and David Potter. 1998. "Crime, Politics, and Minority Populations: Use of Official Statistics in the United States and Japan." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 22: 1,145-155. Miyazawa Setsuo. 1992. Policing in Japan (tr. Frank Bennett, Jr.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Newbold, Greg. 1985. The Big Huey. Auckland, NZ: Collins. 1987. Punishment and Politics: The Maximum Security Prison in New Zealand., Auckland, NZ: Oxford University Press. Owen, Barbara. 1998. In the Mix: Struggles and Survival in a Women's Prison. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Parker, L. Craig. 1984. The Japanese Police System Today: An American Perspective. Tokyo, San Francisco, and New York: Kodansha International. Potter, David. 1997. "The Foundations of Electoral Corruption in Japan," The International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 21:1, 13-21 Potter, David. 2000. "Do Rules Foster State Crime? A Case Study of Political Corruption in Japan," in Jeffrey Ian Ross, (Ed.). Varieties of State Crime and Its Control, Monsee, NY: Criminal Justice Press. Richards, Stephen C. 1995. The Structure of Prison Release. New York: McGraw-Hill. Richards, Stephen C. and Richard S. Jones. 1997. “Perpetual Incarceration Machine: Structural Impediments to Post-Prison Success,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 13, 1: 4-22. Terry, Charles M.. 1997. "The Function of Humor for Prison Inmates," Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 13, 1: 23-40. Thorton, Robert, with Katsuya Endo. 1992. Preventing Crime in America and Japan. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Westerman, Ted and James Burfield. 1991. Crime and Justice in Two Societies: Japan and the United States. Pacific Grove, CA.: Brooks/Cole Publishing. Text Box: scholars in the United States risk becoming victims of our own hegemony. We get back the images of Japan outlined above that are driven by our own mainstream research agenda